The Fenian Brotherhood modernized their arsenal by converting muzzle-loading muskets into breech-loading rifles using the Needham system. This conversion featured a side-pivoting breech, an integrated extractor, and a hammer-locking mechanism for safety. These rifles were notably used in the Fenian attempts to invade Canada in the 19th century.
This review examines the rare Merckelbagh conversion of a French Model 1822 rifle to a needlefire system. It details the unique pivoting bolt mechanism, the Chassepot-inspired obturator for gas sealing, and the historical context of this transitional firearm. The conversion, patented in 1871, represents a brief attempt to modernize older arms before the dominance of metallic cartridges.
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