This video from XS Sights explains the science behind tritium used in firearm sights. Tritium is a radioactive isotope of hydrogen (H3) that acts as a beta emitter, meaning its radiation is low-energy and safe for handling, unlike alpha emitters. The beta particles emitted by tritium excite a phosphorus coating within the sight vial, which then glows, providing visibility in low-light conditions. The glow typically lasts for about 10 years, with a half-life of 12 years, meaning the brightness halves every 12 years.
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